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Reference: Tenses & Moods

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Indicative Mood
Facts, objective reality, and things that are actually happening.
Present Indicative Used for actions happening now, general truths, or habitual actions.
(I eat, I do eat, I am eating.)
Present Perfect (He + Past Participle) Describes actions completed recently or that have relevance to the present.
Imperfect Indicative Used for ongoing past actions, descriptions in the past, habits, or setting the scene.
(I was eating, I ate, I used to eat.)
Pluperfect Indicative (Había + Past Participle) Describes an action completed before another past action occurred.
Preterite Used for specific, completed actions in the past at a definite time.
(I ate, I did eat.)
Preterite Anterior (Hube + Past Participle) An archaic literary tense used for 'just after' a past action. Rarely used in speech.
Future Describes actions that will happen.
(I shall eat, You will eat.)
Future Perfect (Habré + Past Participle) Describes an action that will be completed by a certain time in the future.
Conditional Describes actions that 'would' happen, often depending on a condition.
(I would eat)
Conditional Perfect (Habría + Past Participle) Describes actions that 'would have' happened if a condition had been met.
Subjunctive Mood
Desires, doubts, the unknown, the abstract, and emotions.
Present Subjunctive Used to express desires, doubts, specific time phrases, or uncertain events in the present/future.
(that I may eat)
Imperfect Subjunctive (ra) Used to express doubts or wishes in the past. (The -ra ending is the most common form).
(that I might eat)
Imperfect Subjunctive (se) Used to express doubts or wishes in the past. (The -se ending is more formal/literary).
Imperative Mood
Commands and orders.
Affirmative Imperative Used to give direct commands or orders.
Negative Imperative Used to give negative commands (Don't do X). It uses the Subjunctive conjugation.
Non-Finite Forms
Forms not conjugated for a person.
Infinitive The base form of the verb (to ...).
Gerund The '-ing' form, used to describe actions currently in progress (Progressive tenses).
Past Participle Used to form Perfect tenses (e.g., eaten, spoken) or used as an adjective.